The fact that motorcycle riders have less physical protection compared to car drivers explains another proportion of higher risk of traffic crashes [ 1 ]. Motorcycles were more often driven by a person other than their owner compared to cars. This may be another reason for motorcyclists to drive riskier than car drivers.
It could be expected that the owners represent more responsible traffic behavior compared to non-owners as in Iran the police issues traffic tickets to the vehicle and not to the driver; and the owner is the one who has to pay. Driving motorcycles by people other than their owners reflects the moderate control of motorcycle owners on their vehicles to be used by a family member for example compared to cars, and this could be the result of police tolerance with offender motorcyclists.
Finally, motorcycle riders are at a higher risk for both collision traffic injuries as well as non-collision transport accidents that is not the case with other vehicles.
This type of traffic accident was more common for motorcycle drivers rather than passengers and the reason may be explained by longer time of motorcycle driving compared to pillion riding.
While only Due to lack of law enforcement, motorcycle riders may enter into areas that are designed to be used by pedestrians only, whilst this is not possible for other vehicles. Combination of high velocity of motorcycles and lack of effective separation policies from pedestrians could lead to this pattern [ 1 , 8 ]. Heavy traffic itself limits the driving speed of cars in Tehran but motorcycles could find their track between cars and drive at high speed or simply bypass the heavy traffic by entering sidewalks; these behaviors greatly endangers the pedestrians.
As in other countries [ 14 - 16 ], young males were the predominant demographic group among pedestrians who reported a traffic injury. Less than one out of six cars belonged to women. This may reflect the income inequality between genders.
In Iran, fathers are responsible for the family income. As a result, the majority of job opportunities are occupied by men. Therefore, women have limited job opportunities especially for high income jobs. However, the exceptions are the jobs that need academic education which provide fair opportunity for educated people regardless of gender.
In this regard, it should be mentioned that in recent years, females constituted more than half of university students in Iran. Therefore, women in such positions are young; this is why the mean age of female car owners was less than males.
However, as the majority of people including women do not have academic education, women generally have less access to jobs with high income; and therefore, they are less likely to afford a car. While there are reports of higher RTC rates among male drivers as compared to female drivers [ 13 ], other studies reported a higher risk of experiencing a fatal crash for men and higher rates of involvement in injury crashes and all police-reported crashes for women [ 13 ]. We did not detect a significant association between gender and traffic crash.
In our study, women mostly rode a motorcycle as a passenger rather than a driver, and the mean age of the passengers was less than the drivers. This may reflect the fact that as an alternative to poor public transport, the motorcyclists use their motorcycle to transport their wives and children. In , the obligatory use of seat belts in Iran was initiated. Authorities now need to work on legislating and enforcing the use of other protective equipments such as child passenger restraint systems, booster seats, seat belts for rear passengers and a rear seating position for children in vehicles.
Moreover, there is a need for more strict regulations and continuously serious enforcement to prevent offender motorcyclists to harm themselves and other vulnerable road users. Some serious traffic offences should be treated as "criminal offences", especially for motorcyclists. Effective speed limit measures are needed, especially for motorcycles, either passive i. Police needs to issue traffic tickets to drivers rather than owners of the vehicles.
However, to ensure more safety on roads of Iran, there is a need for a reliable and sensitive national data capture system on RTIs and an injury surveillance system as recommended by the WHO [ 17 , 18 ] making it possible to identify the risk factors and to maximize the efficient use of scarce resources in targeting road safety interventions where they can have optimal impact.
There were some limitations in this study. The data collected on the numbers of road traffic collisions and consequent injuries were self-reported by the study subjects.
We did not verify them using another source of data, though there was no reason for responders to knowingly provide false information. We did not collect the health economic data for subjects who reported an injury. The cross-section design and lack of clinical data on the severity of the RTIs are among other weaknesses of the study.
The true incidence of RTI in Iran is higher than rates detected by service based surveillance systems. There is a need for reliable surveillance system to monitor RTI in Iran and similar countries. There is a need for more rigid enforcement of traffic regulations in case of motorcycles for their own protection and also to protect other vulnerable road users.
A reliable and affordable public transport system is needed to stop people from using un-safe alternatives such as motorcycles for urban transportation. SS designed the study, managed data collection, analyzed and composed the manuscript draft and edited the final manuscript. HS contributed to the manuscript draft and edited the final version. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. We would extend a special thanks to Dr. Nazemzadeh Naraghi for English editing of the article. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
BMC Public Health. Published online Jun Soheil Saadat 1 and Hamid Soori 2. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Soheil Saadat: moc. Received Jul 27; Accepted Jun This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The data collection form used by interviewers.
DOC 92K. Abstract Background Road traffic injuries are a serious public health problem worldwide. Methods In the year , households were randomly selected for a face to face interview.
Conclusion This population-based study demonstrates that the morbidity rate of RTIs is about ten times higher than the national figures reported by other available sources; and this can serve as an important warning to countries like Iran to prioritize this issue in their public health activities. Background Road traffic injuries RTIs are a serious public health problem worldwide.
Methods The study was carried out in Tehran the capital of Iran in the year using a cross sectional design. Results In this survey, households consisting of individuals males and females were studied. Open in a separate window. Table 2 Pattern of motorcycle riding according to gender. Moghbeli K. Tavakkoli L, Khanjani N. The pattern of road crashes emphasizing the factors involved in their occurrence in Kerman City Safety promotion and injury prevention Tehran.
Leffert MG. SAE Technical Paper; Weather conditions, weather information and car crashes. Epidemiology of traffic crash mortality in west of Iran in a 9 year period. Chinese journal of traumatology. Factors associated with prehospital death among traffic accident patients in Osaka City, Japan: A population-based study. Published by. About us. About the Journal. Editorial Team. Author Fees. Online Payments. Bibliographic Information. Journal History. For readers. For authors. For librarians.
For Reviewers. Co publisher. Privacy statement. Downloads Download data is not yet available. Metrics Metrics Loading The length of the highways of Kerman province kerman. Kerman V. Desert Apitho. Kerman province map, Downloads pdf OnlineFirst. Published Environmental influences likewise need to be understood. Problems such as the high rate of accidents at night exemplify the interactions between the host, the agent, and the environment. Application of this approach has resulted in effective preventive measures.
McFarland RA. The Epidemiology of Motor Vehicle Accidents. Coronavirus Resource Center. Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy Continue.
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