The politicians and the military commanders in Britain began to look for other ways to attack Germany and to alleviate the pressure on the Eastern Front. As First Lord of the Admiralty, the government minister responsible for the British navy, Winston Churchill supported the idea of an attack on Turkey.
The plan was to attack Gallipoli, a peninsula in the strategically important area of the Dardanelles near the Turkish capital of Constantinople now Istanbul and then move inland to capture the capital. The campaign is either referred to as the Gallipoli Campaign or the Dardanelles Campaign.
The Gallipoli campaign began with the Allied bombardment of Turkish defences on 19 January , followed a few months later by the landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula early on 25 April.
Australian efforts to capture Gallipoli were greatly affected by these new technologies of warfare. One of these thinkers was British military historian J. C Fuller, who developed nine principles of warfare to guide a well-orchestrated and successful military operation.
Hypothesis: In contrast to common societal belief, the Gallipoli Campaign had both a positive and negative impact on Australian Society.
By building the Anzac spirit, it distinguished Australia as its own nation, built on a foundation of qualities embedded in this Anzac Legend. The nation advanced socially and gained respect on a Global stage, but, Australia did significantly decline economically and the morals of praising a failed war are question by some.
Intro: As the battle died, the legend was. There is a strong case to be made that Gallipoli has over the past hundred years, overshadowed the real stage on which the war was fought — the Western Front.
This does a great injustice to the many thousands of Australians who fought and died there. It is time to set the record straight — not to diminish Gallipoli — but to raise the Western Front campaign. This was a chance to introduce the world to modernised weaponry such as gas bombs, machine guns and tanks. Then there was the strategy adopted by Sanders. He refused to take a rigid system of defense and instead stressed mobility.
He split his forces into three groups to respond to any landing quickly. Sanders then recommended that the Turkish forces build defenses on the heights surrounding the allied beachheads, which meant that the allies could not break advance inland. However, if the German had listened to Colonel Kemal later Ataturk , who commanded the 19th Division, the allies could have been decimated. The future founder of Modern Turkey had predicted the exact areas where the allies would land. Another factor in the failure of the Allies at Gallipoli was a lack of good intelligence.
More than one Allied commander complained that they were unsure what the 'situation was on the ground. If the Generals had been more aggressive, they could have altered the battle in their favor. Then there was the western allies' continued underestimation of the Turks. The Ottomans had been heavily defeated in many Balkan Wars, and it was assumed that they would flee at the sight of the superior western navies and armies.
A sense of western superiority meant that the Allies failed to recognize the capabilities of the Turks. The Gallipoli campaign was doomed from the start. Too few soldiers were allocated to the landings. Allied intelligence services failed to provide adequate intelligence. For example, they failed to indicate that Gallipoli was not suitable for large-scale landings because of the terrain's nature. The entire operation was poorly planned with little forethought from logistics or what the allies would do if the Turks were waiting for the invaders at the proposed beachheads.
There was also a complete failure to recognize that the Turks would fiercely fight because they were protecting their homeland. This is symbolized by the excellent leadership displayed by the future Ataturk at Sulva Bay and elsewhere. The German commander at Gallipoli also devised a smart strategy, but the allies' failings much helped him.
Admin , Ewhelan and EricLambrecht. Related DailyHistory. Campaign Series 8 London: Osprey, , p. Damn the Dardanelles! The Story of Gallipoli London, Osprey, , p. For four years, from to , World War I raged across Europe's western and eastern fronts, after growing tensions and then the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria ignited the war.
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