And to find out the chemistry enabling this wide range of uses for vinegar, join Brian Clegg in next week's Chemistry in its element. Until then, thank you for listening, I'm Meera Senthilingam. Promo Chemistry in its element comes to you from Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry and is produced by thenakedscientists dot com.
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Site powered by Webvision Cloud. Skip to main content Skip to navigation. Related audio. Book club — Deep Sniff by Adam Zmith. Book club — Lessons from Plants by Beronda Montgomery. Meera Senthilingam This week, beware of the poison lurking in the plant beneath you. Neil Withers Ricin is a highly poisonous natural protein found in the seeds of the castor oil plant. Topics Chemistry in its Element: Compounds Podcasts. Latest audio. Book club — Vampirology by Kathryn Harkup.
Load more audio. De Oliveira A. Nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and hepatic function of sheep fed diets containing solvent or expeller castorseed meal treated with calcium hydroxide. Feed Sci.
Anandan S. Effect of different physical and chemical treatments on detoxification of ricin in castor cake. Godoy M. Use of Vero cell line to verify the biodetoxification efficiency of castor bean waste. Process Biochem. Check Hayden E. The quick facts about ricin. Spivak L. Care Clin. Musshoff F. Ricin poisoning and forensic toxicology. Drug Test. Audi J. Ricin Poisoning.
Gupta R. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Olsnes S. The history of ricin, abrin and related toxins. Dai J. Identification of a novel functional domain of ricin responsible for its potent toxicity. Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins. May K. Targeting ricin to the ribosome. Hartley M. Cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating lectins from plants. Acta Proteins Proteomics.
Doan L. A Review. Marconescu P. Intradermal administration of RiVax protects mice from mucosal and systemic ricin intoxication. Yermakova A. Pincus S. Toxins Basel ; 3 — Vitetta E. Pilot phase IB clinical trial of an alhydrogel-adsorbed recombinant ricin vaccine. Vaccine Immunol. Dubois J. Detoxification of castor meal through reactive seed crushing. Crops Prod. Sturm M. Hines H. High-performance liquid chromatography—mass selective detection assay for adenine released from a synthetic RNA substrate by ricin A chain.
Shyu H. Poli M. Leith A. Forensic Sci. Sehgal P. Purification, characterization and toxicity profile of ricin isoforms from castor beans. Kim S. Despeyroux D. Fultonlb R. Article title. Their Toxic. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Tezotto-Uliana, Silva P. Gamma Radiation in Plant Foods.
Virtual Quim. Lee J. Food Prot. Maity J. Effects of gamma irradiation on edible seed protein, amino acids and genomic DNA during sterilization. Food Chem. Funatsu G. Biochemical studies on ricin. Primary structure of Ala chain of ricin D. Identification and quantification of ricin in biomedical samples by magnetic immunocapture enrichment and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Lord J. Ricin: Structure, mode of action, and some current applications.
Wunschel D. Integration of gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods for differentiating ricin preparation methods. It is a stable substance and does not break down easily in typical indoor or outdoor temperatures. Castor beans are grown and processed throughout the world to make castor oil.
Ricin is part of the waste "mash" produced when castor oil is made. Ricin has some potential medical uses in treating cancer. Accidental exposure to ricin is highly unlikely. It would take a deliberate act to use it as a poison. People can be poisoned by breathing in ricin mist or powder. People can also be poisoned by swallowing ricin-contaminated food or water. Ricin may enter the body through the skin when combined with certain chemicals or if the skin is damaged. Pellets of ricin, or ricin dissolved in a liquid, can also be injected into people's bodies.
Depending on the route of exposure such as injection , the amount of ricin that would fit on the head of a pin could be enough to kill an adult. Because ricin is a chemical poison, the illness it causes cannot be spread from person-to-person. However, contact with ricin-contaminated surfaces or people may transfer this poison and cause illness.
Ricin kills the cells in a person's body by preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Specific effects of ricin poisoning depend on whether ricin was inhaled, swallowed, touched or injected. Inhalation: Within a few hours of inhaling significant amounts of ricin, the likely symptoms would be respiratory distress difficulty breathing , fever, cough, nausea, and tightness in the chest.
The most famous is probably the assassination of Georgi Markov in Markov was a Bulgarian novelist, playwright, journalist, and dissident, and was murdered by the Bulgarian secret service, with assistance from the KGB, by ricin injection. He was crossing a bridge when he was jabbed in the leg with an umbrella, which delivered a ricin pellet into his bloodstream.
He died three days later of ricin poisoning. The envelope strategy has more to do with potential ease of getting the poison close to targets than its strength as a delivery system. Inhalation as a weapon is best accomplished through a mist, ideally delivered through an aerosol. What counts as a fine aged cheese? Farmsteads and creameries in southern states are experimenting. Republicans and Democrats have both made appearances in Glasgow for the giant climate conference.
The quasar J is 13 billion light-years away from Earth.
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