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Discuss these scopes trial definitions with the community: 0 Comments. Notify me of new comments via email. Cancel Report. More than six hundred spectators shoehorned themselves into the courtroom. The presiding judge, John T. Raulston, had proposed holding the trial outdoors in a tent that would accommodate twenty thousand. Reporters assembled from as far away as London and Hong Kong.
Mencken chronicled the trial for the Baltimore Sun. Years later, the U. Supreme Court struck down a similar Arkansas law in Epperson v. Arkansas , finding that it violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment. This article was originally published in James C. It was the only time in his career he offered to give free legal aid. Bryan and Darrow set the tone by immediately attacking each other in the press. The ACLU attempted to remove Darrow from the case, fearing they would lose control, but none of these efforts worked.
The grand jury met on May 9, In preparation, Scopes recruited and coached students to testify against him. Three of the seven students attending were called to testify, each showing a sketchy understanding of evolution.
The case was pushed forward and a trial set for July Bryan arrived in Dayton three days before the trial, stepping off a train to the spectacle of half the town greeting him. He posed for photo opportunities and gave two public speeches, stating his intention to not only defend the anti-evolution law but to use the trial to debunk evolution entirely. The trial day started with crowds pouring into the courthouse two hours before it was scheduled to begin, filling up the room and causing onlookers to spill into the hallways.
There was applause when Bryan entered the court and further when he and Darrow shook hands. The trial began — somewhat ironically — with a lengthy prayer.
Outside the courthouse a circus-like atmosphere reigned, with barbecues, concessions and carnival games, though that died down as the trial was adjourned for the weekend, over which Bryan and Darrow sparred through the press and tensions mounted.
It was to a packed courthouse on Monday that arguments began by the defense working to establish the scientific validity of evolution, while the prosecution focused on the Butler Act as an education standard for Tennessee citizens, citing precedents. The statement Darrow made is considered an example of his best passionate public speaking. He spoke for over two hours. The trial itself began on Wednesday with opening statements. Witnesses followed, establishing that Scopes had taught evolution and zoologist Maynard M.
Metcalf gave expert testimony about the science of evolution, a signal that Scopes himself would not take the stand during the trial. Subsequent days saw prosecutors argue about the validity of using expert witnesses. This provided Bryan with the opportunity for an extended speech on the subject. Defense attorney Dudley Field Malone then countered with a speech of his own and received a thunderous standing ovation.
The next day, the judge ruled that any experts on the stands could be cross-examined. Scopes did not attend any of the legal sessions after the Dayton trial Scopes The prosecution was represented by E. And the spirit of William Jennings Bryan was there in the form of quotations from his undelivered Last Message, which the State used Ginger On the contrary we think the peace and dignity of the State.
Such a course is suggested to the Attorney-General. Supreme Court de Camp The next year, George W. Hunter published A New Civic Biology , updating the textbook Scopes supposedly used and presenting a very cautious treatment of evolution that did not even name the term.
Arthur Garfield Hays resumed his law practice, continuing to champion the underdog, and he died in Dudley Field Malone returned to his divorce law office, got divorced himself, remarried, and when his practice declined, became a Hollywood bit-part actor for about ten years, dying in Sue Hicks went on in law, got elected to the state legislature, and later became a judge. Robinson continued to hustle as a druggist, opened up a second store in Spring City, and before his death in , aided in the development at Bryan College, serving as a founder, incorporator, and chairman of the Board of Trustees.
Clarence Darrow took on two more cases and then retired to write, lecture, and travel. Senate in Neal, eccentric until his death in , ran unsuccessfully for senator or governor and one year for both in the same primary.
Mencken lived to see his American Mercury magazine taken over by ultra-conservative Christian Fundamentalists. After a stroke in , which made him unable to read or write, he died in In , the Butler Act was repealed de Camp , , Then in , Tennessee became the first state to pass an equal-time law which stipulated that evolution should be labeled as a theory and not a scientific fact and provided that alongside of evolution other theories, including the Genesis account, should be taught.
Ironically, in the fiftieth anniversary year of the Scopes Trial this so-called Genesis Bill was declared unconstitutional. The entrepreneurship spirit of Dayton which initiated the Scopes Trial has survived the unfittest of situations and sparkles periodically. When Hollywood made the play Inherit the Wind into a movie, Dayton agreed to host the world premiere in A Scopes Trial Day was sponsored. John T. Scopes returned and was given the key to the city.
Twelve years later the city played host to another film premiere: The Darwin Adventure , with Francis Darwin, a descendant of Charles, as special guest. Participating on the panel were professors of law, history, and biology. Several times Inherit the Wind has been dramatized at the courthouse. Since , Bryan College and the Dayton community have cooperated in organizing a four-day Scopes Trial Festival whose main feature is a documentary drama based almost entirely on the transcript of the trial and performed in the Scopes Trial courtroom.
Allem, Warren. Davidson, Donald. The Tennessee. New York: Rinehart, The Great Monkey Trial. Garden City: Doubleday, Fenwick W. Fecher, Charles A. Mencken: A Study of His Thought. New York: Knopf, Ginger, Ray. Six Days or Forever?
Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. New York: New American Library. Gorman, Laurel, and Kate Staiger. An American Frontier. Grebstein, Sheldon Norman, ed. Monkey Trial: the State of Tennessee vs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Harris, Robert C. Telephone interviews. Larson, Edward J. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, Lawrence, Jerome, and Robert E. Inherit the Wind. New York: Bantam Books, Lawrence W. Mencken, H. Prejudices: Fifth Series.
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